P

pacing

See flow control.

packet

Logical grouping of information that includes a header containing control information and (usually) user data. Packets are most often used to refer to network layer units of data. The terms datagram, frame, message, and segment are also used to describe logical information groupings at various layers of the OSI reference model and in various technology circles. See also PDU.

packet assembler/disassembler

See PAD.

packet buffer

See buffer.

packet internet groper

See ping.

packet level protocol

See PLP.

packet switch

WAN device that routes packets along the most efficient path and allows a communications channel to be shared by multiple connections. Formerly called an IMP. See also IMP.

packet-switched data network

See PSN.

packet-switched network

See PSN.

packet switching

Networking method in which nodes share bandwidth with each other by sending packets. Compare with circuit switching and message switching. See also PSN.

packet switch exchange

See PSE.

packet-switching node

See packet switch.

PAD

packet assembler/disassembler. Device used to connect simple devices (like character-mode terminals) that do not support the full functionality of a particular protocol to a network. PADs buffer data and assemble and disassemble packets sent to such end devices.

Palo Alto Research Center

See PARC.

PAM

pulse amplitude modulation. Modulation scheme where the modulating wave is caused to modulate the amplitude of a pulse stream. Compare with AM and FM. See also modulation.

PAP

Password Authentication Protocol. Authentication protocol that allows PPP peers to authenticate one another. The remote router attempting to connect to the local router is required to send an authentication request. Unlike CHAP, PAP passes the password and host name or username in the clear (unencrypted). PAP does not itself prevent unauthorized access, but merely identifies the remote end. The router or access server then determines if that user is allowed access. PAP is supported only on PPP lines. Compare with CHAP.

parallel channel

Channel that uses bus and tag cables as a transmission medium. Compare with ESCON channel. See also bus and tag channel.

parallelism

Indicates that multiple paths exist between two points in a network. These paths might be of equal or unequal cost. Parallelism is often a network design goal: if one path fails, there is redundancy in the network to ensure that an alternate path to the same point exists.

parallel transmission

Method of data transmission in which the bits of a data character are transmitted simultaneously over a number of channels. Compare with serial transmission.

PARC

Palo Alto Research Center. Research and development center operated by XEROX. A number of widely-used technologies were originally conceived at PARC, including the first personal computers and LANs.

PARC Universal Protocol

See PUP.

parent peer group

In ATM, a peer group that acts as a "parent" to a subordinate peer group. Organizing peer groups hierarchically reduces the exchange of PTSPs. See also child peer group, peer group, and PTSP.

parity check

Process for checking the integrity of a character. A parity check involves appending a bit that makes the total number of binary 1 digits in a character or word (excluding the parity bit) either odd (for odd parity) or even (for even parity).

partial mesh

Term describing a network in which devices are organized in a mesh topology, with some network nodes organized in a full mesh, but with others that are only connected to one or two other nodes in the network. A partial mesh does not provide the level of redundancy of a full mesh topology, but is less expensive to implement. Partial mesh topologies are generally used in the peripheral networks that connect to a fully meshed backbone. See also full mesh and mesh.

Password Authentication Protocol

See PAP.

path control layer

Layer 3 in the SNA architectural model. This layer performs sequencing services related to proper data reassembly. The path control layer is also responsible for routing. Corresponds roughly with the network layer of the OSI model. See also data flow control layer, data link control layer, physical control layer, presentation services layer, transaction services layer, and transmission control layer.

path control network

SNA concept that consists of lower-level components that control the routing and data flow through an SNA network and handle physical data transmission between SNA nodes. Compare with NAU.

path cost

See cost.

path name

Full name of a DOS, Mac OS, or UNIX file or directory, including all directory and subdirectory names. Consecutive names in a path name are typically separated by a backslash (\) for DOS, a colon (:) for the Mac OS, or a forward slash (/) for the UNIX operating system.

payload

Portion of a cell, frame, or packet that contains upper-layer information (data).

payload type identifier

See PTI.

PBX

private branch exchange. Digital or analog telephone switchboard located on the subscriber premises and used to connect private and public telephone networks.

PCI

protocol control information. Control information added to user data to comprise an OSI packet. The OSI equivalent of the term header. See also header.

PCM

pulse code modulation. Transmission of analog information in digital form through sampling and encoding the samples with a fixed number of bits.

PCR

peak cell rate. Parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic management. In CBR transmissions, PCR determines how often data samples are sent. In ABR transmissions, PCR determines the maximum value of the ACR. See also ABR (available bit rate), ACR, and CBR.

PDN

public data network. Network operated either by a government (as in Europe) or by a private concern to provide computer communications to the public, usually for a fee. PDNs enable small organizations to create a WAN without all the equipment costs of long-distance circuits.

PDU

protocol data unit. OSI term for packet. See also BPDU and packet.

peak cell rate

See PCR.

peak rate

Maximum rate, in kilobits per second, at which a virtual circuit can transmit.

peer-to-peer computing

Peer-to-peer computing calls for each network device to run both client and server portions of an application. Also describes communication between implementations of the same OSI reference model layer in two different network devices. Compare with client/server computing.

peer group

A collection of ATM nodes that share identical topological databases and exchange full link state information with each other. Peer groups are arranged hierarchically to prevent excessive PTSP traffic. See also parent peer group and PTSP.

peer group leader

See PGL.

performance management

One of five categories of network management defined by ISO for management of OSI networks. Performance management subsystems are responsible for analyzing and controlling network performance including network throughput and error rates. See also accounting management, configuration management, fault management, and security management.

peripheral node

In SNA, a node that uses local addresses and is therefore not affected by changes to network addresses. Peripheral nodes require boundary function assistance from an adjacent subarea node.

permanent virtual circuit

See PVC.

permanent virtual connection

See PVC.

permanent virtual path

See PVP.

permit processing

See traffic policing.

P/F

poll/final bit. Bit in bit-synchronous data link layer protocols that indicates the function of a frame. If the frame is a command, a 1 in this bit indicates a poll. If the frame is a response, a 1 in this bit indicates that the current frame is the last frame in the response.

PGL

peer group leader. In ATM, a node in a peer group that performs the functions of the LGN. Peer group leaders exchange PTSPs with peer nodes in the parent peer group to inform those nodes of the peer group's attributes and reachability and to propagate information about the parent group and the parent group's parents to the nodes in the peer group. See also peer group and PTSP.

PGP

Pretty Good Privacy. Public-key encryption application that allows secure file and message exchanges. There is some controversy over the development and use of this application, in part due to U.S. national security concerns.

phase

Location of a position on an alternating wave form.

phase shift

Situation in which the relative position in time between the clock and data signals of a transmission becomes unsynchronized. In systems using long cables at higher transmission speeds, slight variances in cable construction, temperature, and other factors can cause a phase shift, resulting in high error rates.

PHY

1. physical sublayer. One of two sublayers of the FDDI physical layer. See also PMD.
2. physical layer. In ATM, the physical layer provides for the transmission of cells over a physical medium that connects two ATM devices. The PHY is comprised of two sublayers: PMD and TC.

physical address

See MAC address.

physical control layer

Layer 1 in the SNA architectural model. This layer is responsible for the physical specifications for the physical links between end systems. Corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model. See also data flow control layer, data link control layer, path control layer, presentation services layer, transaction services layer, and transmission control layer.

physical layer

Layer 1 of the OSI reference model. The physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Corresponds with the physical control layer in the SNA model. See also application layer, data link layer, network layer, presentation layer, session layer, and transport layer.

physical layer convergence procedure

See PLCP.

physical layer interface module

See PLIM on page 316 in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

physical media

See media.

physical medium

See media.

physical medium dependent

See PMD.

physical sublayer

See PHY.

physical unit

See PU.

Physical Unit 2

See PU 2.

Physical Unit 2.1

See PU 2.1.

Physical Unit 4

See PU 4.

Physical Unit 5

See PU 5.

Physics Network

See PHYSNET.

PHYSNET

Physics Network. Group of many DECnet-based physics research networks, including HEPnet. See also HEPnet.

piggybacking

Process of carrying acknowledgments within a data packet to save network bandwidth.

PIM

Protocol Independent Multicast. Multicast routing architecture that allows the addition of IP multicast routing on existing IP networks. PIM is unicast routing protocol independent and can be operated in two modes: dense mode and sparse mode. See also PIM dense mode and PIM sparse mode.

PIM dense mode

One of the two PIM operational modes. PIM dense mode is data-driven and resembles typical multicast routing protocols. Packets are forwarded on all outgoing interfaces until pruning and truncation occurs. In dense mode, receivers are densely populated, and it is assumed that the downstream networks want to receive and will probably use the datagrams that are forwarded to them. The cost of using dense mode is its default flooding behavior. Sometimes called dense mode PIM or PIM DM. Contrast with PIM sparse mode. See also PIM.

PIM DM

See PIM dense mode.

PIM SM

See PIM sparse mode.

PIM sparse mode

One of the two PIM operational modes. PIM sparse mode tries to constrain data distribution so that a minimal number of routers in the network receive it. Packets are sent only if they are explicitly requested at the RP (rendezvous point). In sparse mode, receivers are widely distributed, and the assumption is that downstream networks will not necessarily use the datagrams that are sent to them. The cost of using sparse mode is its reliance on the periodic refreshing of explicit join messages and its need for RPs. Sometimes called sparse mode PIM or PIM SM. Contrast with PIM dense mode. See also PIM and rendezvous point.

ping

packet internet groper. ICMP echo message and its reply. Often used in IP networks to test the reachability of a network device.

ping-ponging

Phrase used to describe the actions of a packet in a two-node routing loop.

plain old telephone service

See PSTN.

PLCP

physical layer convergence procedure. Specification that maps ATM cells into physical media, such as T3 or E3, and defines certain management information.

plesiochronous transmission

Term describing digital signals that are sourced from different clocks of comparable accuracy and stability. Compare with asynchronous transmission, isochronous transmission, and synchronous transmission.

PLIM

See PLIM on page 316 in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

PLP

packet level protocol. Network layer protocol in the X.25 protocol stack. Sometimes called X.25 Level 3 or X.25 Protocol. See also X.25.

PLU

Primary LU. The LU that is initiating a session with another LU. See also LU.

PMD

physical medium dependent. Sublayer of the FDDI physical layer that interfaces directly with the physical medium and performs the most basic bit transmission functions of the network. See also PHY.

PNNI

1. Private Network-Network Interface. ATM Forum specification for distributing topology information between switches and clusters of switches that is used to compute paths through the network. The specification is based on well-known link-state routing techniques and includes a mechanism for automatic configuration in networks in which the address structure reflects the topology.
2. Private Network Node Interface. ATM Forum specification for signaling to establish point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections across an ATM network. The protocol is based on the ATM Forum's UNI specification with additional mechanisms for source routing, crankback, and alternate routing of call setup requests.

PNNI topology state element

See PTSE.

point-to-multipoint connection

One of two fundamental connection types. In ATM, a point-to-multipoint connection is a unidirectional connection in which a single source end-system (known as a root node) connects to multiple destination end-systems (known as leaves). Compare with point-to-point connection.

point of presence

See POP.

point-to-point connection

One of two fundamental connection types. In ATM, a point-to-point connection can be a unidirectional or bidirectional connection between two ATM end-systems. Compare with point-to-multipoint connection.

Point-to-Point Protocol

See PPP.

poison reverse updates

Routing updates that explicitly indicate that a network or subnet is unreachable, rather than implying that a network is unreachable by not including it in updates. Poison reverse updates are sent to defeat large routing loops.

policy-based routing

See policy routing.

policy routing

Routing scheme that forwards packets to specific interfaces based on user-configured policies. Such policies might specify that traffic sent from a particular network should be forwarded out one interface, while all other traffic should be forwarded out another interface.

poll/final bit

See P/F.

polling

Access method in which a primary network device inquires, in an orderly fashion, whether secondaries have data to transmit. The inquiry occurs in the form of a message to each secondary that gives the secondary the right to transmit.

POP

1. point of presence. In OSS, a physical location where an interexchange carrier has installed equipment to interconnect with an LEC (local exchange carrier).
2. Post Office Protocol. Protocol that client e-mail applications use to retrieve mail from a mail server.

port

1. Interface on an internetworking device (such as a router).
2. In IP terminology, an upper-layer process that receives information from lower layers. Ports are numbered, and each numbered port is associated with a specific process. For example, SMTP is associated with port 25. A port number is also known as a well-known address.
3. To rewrite software or microcode so that it will run on a different hardware platform or in a different software environment than that for which it was originally designed.

port snooping

See circuit steering.

POST

power-on self test. Set of hardware diagnostics that runs on a hardware device when that device is powered up.

Post Office Protocol

See POP.

Post, Telephone, and Telegraph

See PTT.

POTS

plain old telephone service. See PSTN.

power-on self test

See POST.

power-on servicing

Feature that allows faulty components to be diagnosed, removed, and replaced while the rest of the device continues to operate normally. Sometimes abbreviated POS. Sometimes called hot swapping. See also OIR.

PPP

Point-to-Point Protocol. A successor to SLIP that provides router-to-router and host-to-network connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Whereas SLIP was designed to work with IP, PPP was designed to work with several network layer protocols, such as IP, IPX, and ARA. PPP also has builtin security mechanisms, such as CHAP and PAP. PPP relies on two protocols: LCP and NCP. See also CHAP, LCP, NCP, PAP, and SLIP.

presentation layer

Layer 6 of the OSI reference model. This layer ensures that information sent by the application layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another. The presentation layer is also concerned with the data structures used by programs and therefore negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer. Corresponds roughly with the presentation services layer of the SNA model. See also application layer, data link layer, network layer, physical layer, session layer, and transport layer.

presentation services layer

Layer 6 of the SNA architectural model. This layer provides network resource management, session presentation services, and some application management. Corresponds roughly with the presentation layer of the OSI model. See also data flow control layer, data link control layer, path control layer, physical control layer, transaction services layer, and transmission control layer.

Pretty Good Privacy

See PGP.

PRI

Primary Rate Interface. ISDN interface to primary rate access. Primary rate access consists of a single 64-Kbps D channel plus 23 (T1) or 30 (E1) B channels for voice or data. Compare to BRI. See also BISDN, ISDN, and N-ISDN.

primary

See primary station.

Primary LU

See PLU.

Primary Rate Interface

See PRI.

primary ring

One of the two rings that make up an FDDI or CDDI ring. The primary ring is the default path for data transmissions. Compare with secondary ring.

primary station

In bit-synchronous data link layer protocols such as HDLC and SDLC, a station that controls the transmission activity of secondary stations and performs other management functions such as error control through polling or other means. Primary stations send commands to secondary stations and receive responses. Also called, simply, a primary. See also secondary station.

print server

Networked computer system that fields, manages, and executes (or sends for execution) print requests from other network devices.

priority queuing

Routing feature in which frames in an interface output queue are prioritized based on various characteristics such as packet size and interface type.

private branch exchange

See PBX.

Private Network-Network Interface

See PNNI.

Private Network Node Interface

See PNNI.

process switching

See process switching on page 316 in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

programmable read-only memory

See PROM.

PROM

programmable read-only memory. ROM that can be programmed using special equipment. PROMs can be programmed only once. Compare with EPROM.

propagation delay

Time required for data to travel over a network, from its source to its ultimate destination.

protocol

Formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a network exchange information.

protocol address

See network address.

protocol control information

See PCI.

protocol converter

Enables equipment with different data formats to communicate by translating the data transmission code of one device to the data transmission code of another device.

protocol data unit

See PDU.

Protocol Independent Multicast

See PIM.

protocol stack

Set of related communications protocols that operate together and, as a group, address communication at some or all of the seven layers of the OSI reference model. Not every protocol stack covers each layer of the model, and often a single protocol in the stack will address a number of layers at once. TCP/IP is a typical protocol stack.

protocol translator

Network device or software that converts one protocol into another, similar, protocol.

proxy

Entity that, in the interest of efficiency, essentially stands in for another entity.

proxy Address Resolution Protocol

See proxy ARP.

proxy ARP

proxy Address Resolution Protocol. Variation of the ARP protocol in which an intermediate device (for example, a router) sends an ARP response on behalf of an end node to the requesting host. Proxy ARP can lessen bandwidth use on slow-speed WAN links. See also ARP.

proxy explorer

Technique that minimizes exploding explorer packet traffic propagating through an SRB network by creating an explorer packet reply cache, the entries of which are reused when subsequent explorer packets need to find the same host.

proxy polling

See proxy polling on page 317 in the Cisco Systems Terms and Acronyms section.

PSDN

packet-switched data network. See PSN.

PSE

packet switch exchange. Essentially, a switch. The term PSE is generally used in reference to a switch in an X.25 packet-switch. See also switch.

PSN

packet-switched network. Network that utilizes packet-switching technology for data transfer. Sometimes called a packet-switched data network (PSDN). See packet switching.

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network. General term referring to the variety of telephone networks and services in place worldwide. Sometimes called plain old telephone service (POTS).

PTI

payload type identifier. A 3-bit descriptor in the ATM cell header indicating the type of payload that the cell contains. Payload types include user and management cells; one combination indicates that the cell is the last cell of an AAL5 frame.

PTSE

PNNI topology state element. A collection of PNNI information that is flooded among all logical nodes within a peer group. See also peer group and PNNI.

PTSP

PNNI topology state packet. A type of PNNI routing packet used to exchange reachability and resource information among ATM switches to ensure that a connection request is routed to the destination along a path that has a high probability of meeting the requested QOS. Typically, PTSPs include bidirectional information about the transit behavior of particular nodes (based on entry and exit ports) and current internal state. See also PNNI and QOS.

PTT

Post, Telephone, and Telegraph. Government agency that provides telephone services. PTTs exist in most areas outside North America and provide both local and long-distance telephone services.

PU

physical unit. SNA component that manages and monitors the resources of a node, as requested by an SSCP. There is one PU per node.

PU 2

Physical Unit 2. SNA peripheral node that can support only DLUs that require services from a VTAM host and that are only capable of performing the secondary LU role in SNA sessions.

PU 2.1

Physical Unit type 2.1. SNA network node used for connecting peer nodes in a peer-oriented network. PU 2.1 sessions do not require that one node reside on VTAM. APPN is based upon PU 2.1 nodes, which can also be connected to a traditional hierarchical SNA network.

PU 4

Physical Unit 4. Component of an IBM FEP capable of full-duplex data transfer. Each such SNA device employs a separate data and control path into the transmit and receive buffers of the control program.

PU 5

Physical Unit 5. Component of an IBM mainframe or host computer that manages an SNA network. PU 5 nodes are involved in routing within the SNA path control layer.

public data network

See PDN.

Public Switched Telephone Network

See PSTN.

pulse amplitude modulation

See PAM.

pulse code modulation

See PCM.

pulse density

See ones density.

PUP

PARC Universal Protocol. Protocol similar to IP developed at PARC.

PVC

permanent virtual circuit. Virtual circuit that is permanently established. PVCs save bandwidth associated with circuit establishment and tear down in situations where certain virtual circuits must exist all the time. Called a permanent virtual connection in ATM terminology. Compare with SVC. See also virtual circuit.

PVP

permanent virtual path. Virtual path that consists of PVCs. See also PVC and virtual path.

PVP tunneling

permanent virtual path tunneling. A method of linking two private ATM networks across a public network using a virtual path. The public network transparently trunks the entire collection of virtual channels in the virtual path between the two private networks.